GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

 5 Simple Rules to Master the Use of Gerunds and Infinitives

 

Rule 1: Gerunds can be used as a subject of a sentence.

Take a look at some examples.

Walking is good for your health.

 Making friends has become more difficult since I moved to a new city.

 Becoming a millionaire is a dream of many young people today.

 

Here, the gerunds (in bold) are part of the sentence subjects (“walking,” “making friends,” “becoming a millionaire”). All three sentences sound like normal, everyday English.

 

Now read these two sentences:

“To be or not to be—that is the question.”

“To mourn a mischief that is past and gone is the next way to draw new mischief on.”

(Both sentences are quotes from William Shakespeare’s works.)

They sound formal, don’t they? They are poetic, aren’t they? Shakespeare is one of the greatest authors of all time, but his English is famously difficult to understand. And that’s because it is literature. It is formal and it is art.

In those two quotes, the infinitives “to be” and “to mourn” are used as the sentence subjects.

So, it is possible to use both infinitives and gerunds as subjects, but gerunds are much more commonly used as subjects. Just pay attention to how the choice reflects on the tone and meaning of your sentences.

Rule 2: Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as objects of a sentence.

You may say:

“I enjoy drawing.”

 You may also say:

“Yesterday, I decided to draw.”

 

Both sentences are correct, but one has an infinitive as the object and the other has a gerund as the object.

What is the difference?

It’s the verbs that precede (come before) the object! Some verbs require a gerund and some will require an infinitive. In the above examples, we can see that the formula is “enjoy” + [gerund] and “decide” + [infinitive].

  

With practice, you will be able to remember which one is which.

Here are a few examples of verbs that need to be followed by an infinitive:

·         agree: I agreed to go to a party with my friend.

·         decide: The president decided not to participate in the discussions.

·         deserve: Everyone deserves to be respected.

·         expect: I expect to know my exam grade by tomorrow.

·         hope: We were hoping to avoid traffic by leaving early.

·         learn: He learned not to trust anyone.

·         need: She needs to learn how to cook.

·         offer: I offered to help my brother with homework.

·         plan: We are planning to watch a movie tonight.

·         promise: My friend promised to find the time to help me move.

·         seem: We seem to be lost.

·         wait: I cannot wait to see my family.

·         want: I don’t want to go to bed yet.

 

There are lots of verbs that require an infinitive after. You will learn them naturally, as you progress in your English studies.

And here are a few examples of verbs that need to be followed by a gerund:

·         admit: They admitted changing the schedule.

·         advise: I advise proceeding (moving forward) with caution.

·         avoid: She avoided looking me in the eye.

·         consider (think about): I considered staying silent, but I had to tell her.

·         deny: I denied knowing about his secret.

·         involve: The course involved writing three tests.

·         mention (say something): She mentioned seeing my brother at a baseball game.

·         recommend: I recommend practicing gerunds and infinitives.

·         risk: Don’t risk losing your job!

·         suggest: I suggest reading more English short stories.

  

Rule 3: Infinitives should be used after many adjectives.

 Here are three sample sentences that will help to illustrate this rule:

It is not easy to graduate from university.

 It is necessary to speak English to work in a hotel.

 It is wonderful to have close friends.

 

When you describe something with an adjective (underlined in the examples above), an infinitive should follow (in bold). Using gerunds here would be incorrect.

 But remember! If you want to make that object into a subject (see Rule 1), a gerund should be used:

Graduating from university is not easy.

 Speaking English is necessary to work in a hotel.

 Having close friends is wonderful.

 

How else do you know if an adjective should be followed by an infinitive? The construct “too + [adjective]” is another way to tell!

For example:

This dress is too big to wear.

This car is too expensive to buy.

And the same is true about “[adjective] + enough”:

My child is not tall enough to ride this rollercoaster.

The course was detailed enough to widen his knowledge base.

This rule is useful enough to understand the usage of infinitives!

Rule 4: Only infinitives are used after certain verbs followed by nouns or pronouns referring to a person.

“We asked her not to go.”

In this sentence, “we” is the subject, “asked” is the verb and “her” is the objective form of the pronoun “she.” You must use an infinitive (“to go”), never a gerund, after certain verbs followed by nouns or pronouns referring to people.

To remember this rule, you will have to study verbs that take an object and an infinitive in this context.

Start with these examples. The objects (nouns and pronouns) are underlined. Notice how the underlined objects are all followed by infinitives.

·         ask: Can I ask you to help me with something?

·         expect: I never expected him to become famous.

·         hire (give a job to someone): Did the company hire you just to sit in your office?

·         invite: I invited a friend to attend the ceremony.

·         order: She ordered the child to stay at home.

·         remind: Please remind me to wash the dishes.

·         require: The test required him to concentrate fully.

·         teach: That will teach you to follow the rules!

·         tell: Who told you to come here?

·         urge: They urged me to continue my research.

·         warn: I am warning you not to do this!

 

 

Rule 5: Only gerunds are used after prepositions (with one exception).

Consider this sentence:

I talked him out of taking that job.

 Here, the gerund “taking” follows the preposition “of.”

Prepositions can follow any word, be it a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective. In the examples below, the prepositions are underlined, followed by the gerunds in bold.

 

A preposition that follows a noun:

Novels about growing up are popular among teenagers.

I have an interest in becoming a painter. 

 

A preposition that follows a pronoun:

I forgive you for not telling the truth.

 

A preposition that follows a verb:

She is thinking about trying martial arts. 

He looks forward to meeting his cousins.

 

A preposition that follows an adjective:

I am wary of going alone.

My mom is scared of flying.

 

There is one exception. Thankfully, it should be easy to remember!

The exception

“But” is a short word that connects two clauses of a sentence together. It is called a conjunction. Sometimes, “but” can also play a role of a preposition. When “but” is used as a preposition, it is the same in meaning as “except.”

If “but” or “except” are used like this, they need to be followed by an infinitive:

I had no choice but to follow her.
(I had to follow her.)

Mary made no stops on the way except to get gas.
(Mary only stopped to get gas.)

There is nothing left for me to do but to collect my money and go.
(I only have to collect my money and go.)

You may not see “but” and “except” used this way often. Just follow the rule of gerunds after prepositions, and you will get it right most of the time!

 

Gerunds and infinitives may be confusing, but they make your English speech more varied and colorful. It is very useful to study them and practice using them correctly. The more you notice gerunds and infinitives in your study of the English language, the easier it will get!

Sometimes you will be unsure if you need to use an infinitive or a gerund in a sentence. In this situation, try changing the sentence and saying what you want to say in a different way.

Practicing is how you become more fluent. It is important to practice.

Happy studying!